Beyond the Russian Border †Creative Writing Course

Beyond the Russian Border – Creative Writing Course Free Online Research Papers Beyond the Russian Border Creative Writing Course Being born in Russia has given me the strength of my forefathers; the strength to survive against all odds. It has given me the genetic makeup that allows me to be strong, fast, smart and sometimes ruthless to my enemies. It has given me the ability to hold a lot of hard liquor, and stay worm in cold climates due to a great amount of body hair. Those are the most common generalizations made by people from western countries, but they don’t do justice to the real beliefs and values behind the Russian culture. If I could pick out one thing that truly represents my people as a whole, it would be their hospitality. *Russian hospitality has to be the one quality of people living in Russian Federation, that best describes their values of friendship, companionship and family ties.* To understand hospitality as a whole, it has to be broken up into separate parts. *Interaction between family members is a very important part of hospitality. Historically, Russian people lived in big families. Family members of three generations lived together in a big house. It was usually grand parents, parents, children, and sometimes even children’s children. This tradition has carried over to some extent to the twenty-first century. Living in Moscow, I remember our three-bedroom apartment. It belonged to my grandfather on my mother’s side, and we all stayed there together – my grandparents, my parents, my sister and I. Buying an apartment was really expensive and receiving one from the government was even harder, so staying with grandparents saved money and in return they received the physical care they needed. Parents in the Russian culture often encourage their kids to live with them as long as possible, opposed to America where young adults are pushed to move out when they are eighteen. This standard of family life gives an essence of stability in Russian culture. It accomplishes to restrain people from living far away from relatives, making the community safer and tighter. *Hospitality can not exist without generosity. One meaning of generosity is liberty in giving or willingness to give. My parents have been valued among their friends for their desire to help and they raised me the same way. I remember when my friend’s sister got in a car accident. The first person his parents called was I. I remember driving to New Hope where Sofia lived, and seeing her car from a distance. It was an old Maxima with rusted fenders and turn leather interior. The sight was frightening; the whole side was caved in, just passed the front door. Glass and broken plastic were everywhere. The lingering smell of deployed airbags filled the air around the scene. When I came, she was standing on the curb, covering her eyes. I helped her take out the groceries from her car, and put it into mine. I drove her home; stayed for a while to calm her down and wait for her husband. Later thanking me, her parents called me their angel, but for me it was just the way I was raised. My parents, my sister and I, as a family, never expect anything in return. Helping people in need is as relative to us as waking up every mourning. I can only hope to pass on this great value, to the next generation of people. Russian homes are always ready for guests. It is a tradition to feed everyone that comes into the house. Even if it is a plumber who is doing work on the water heater, the woman of the house will not let him leave without a meal. My mother is a great cook, due to constant flow of invited and unexpected guests. There was an instance where a far relative was in Moscow for business and had no place to stay. My parents have never seen the man, but it wouldn’t have mattered even if he were not a relative. He was a cousin of my aunt who married into the family. When he arrived fifteen minutes after the phone call, his room was ready, dinner was being prepared, and there was a fresh towel in the bathroom. My mom baked salmon with mayonnaise on top, and mashed potatoes. My parents gave him the softest bad and the softest pillows. He stayed that night, and left the next mourning never to bee seen again. Later he mailed a postcard for New Year, but that was all appreciation w e received. It is not that he was ungrateful, but it was expected that my parents would treat him that way. *Because Russian people portray hospitality, they are very sociable. They enjoy gathering together for holidays, or for no reason at all. I remember the going away get togethers at my parent’s apartment. If I only new then, that we will be gone for nine years instead of the projected two. The eardrum tearing racket engulfing every corner of every room. Kids scrambling around, playing games, falling and crying. Adults lounging behind a long table, raising goblets with champagne and glasses with vodka. The table is full of dishes for every taste. I can still smell the crab salad, roasted pig, salami and different cheeses. I can still hear my dad’s voice singing; the sounds of vibrating guitar strings. The sound of a braking glass as little pieces trickle down to the hardwood floor. The popping of every new open bottle, and announcing of every new toast. Watching the bright lights of the living room reflecting of the silverware made me feel warm, fuzzy and welc ome. Our shepherd Vesta would get under the table, bagging for something to eat. At times the only thing to be seen was her wiggling silver-black tail. She had to always be in the middle of the biggest group; I guess it was the shepherd instinct to keep people tightly around her. Kids were at a separate little table, but it didn’t matter then. We were all just one huge mass of people, all brought together for one last time to say goodbye. Through all of my travels, I have never encountered such hospitality. I have traveled to many countries: France, China, Canada, Turkey, Qatar, India, Mexico, and U.S. to name a few. Those are all great places with their own great cultures, but no place on earth is as warm and welcoming as my motherland. Americans are very patriotic people, but even Americans have a hard time leaving Russia. Some stay and some don’t, but they all know that they will always have a place to go to and feel welcomed. I regret being far away from my culture. Most of my friends in Minnesota are Russian, but as the place of living changes so do the cultural values. For me it is the difference between giving and taking, helping others and helping oneself, living life and existing. Hospitality is a taste of a forbidden fruit that makes one yearning for more and makes it difficult to live without. It is an important aspect of culture; to someone it maybe be the most important one of all. The world is changing, and so is the Russian culture. I hope that this is one value that is here to stay, but it seems that independence and selfishness is slowly working its way into every country on every continent. If I could wish for one thing to change in my new found homeland, I would wish for more warmth and hospitality in daily interactions. 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250 Million Years of Turtle Evolution

250 Million Years of Turtle Evolution In a way, turtle evolution is an easy story to follow: the basic turtle body plan arose very early in the history of life (during the late Triassic period), and has persisted pretty much unchanged down to the present day, with the usual variations in size, habitat, and ornamentation. As with most other types of animals, though, the turtle evolutionary tree includes its share of missing links (some identified, some not), false starts, and short-lived episodes of gigantism. Turtles That Werent: Placodonts of the Triassic Period Before discussing the evolution of genuine turtles, its important to say a few words about convergent evolution: the tendency of creatures that inhabit roughly the same ecosystems to develop roughly the same body plans. As you probably already know, the theme of squat, stubby-legged, slow-moving animal with a big, hard shell to defend itself against predators has been repeated numerous times throughout history: witness dinosaurs like Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus and giant Pleistocene mammals like Glyptodon and Doedicurus. This brings us to the placodonts, an obscure family of Triassic reptiles closely related to the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs of the Mesozoic Era. The poster genus for this group, Placodus, was an unremarkable-looking creature that spent most of its time on land, but some of its marine relativesincluding Henodus, Placochelys, and Psephodermalooked uncannily like genuine turtles, with their stubby heads and legs, hard shells, and tough, sometimes toothless beaks. These marine reptiles were as close as you could get to turtles without actually being turtles; sadly, they went extinct as a group about 200 million years ago. The First Turtles Paleontologists still havent identified the exact family of prehistoric reptiles that spawned modern turtles and tortoises, but they do know one thing: it wasnt the placodonts. Lately, the bulk of the evidence points to an ancestral role for Eunotosaurus, a late Permian reptile whose wide, elongated ribs curved over its back (a striking adumbration of the hard shells of later turtles). Eunotosaurus itself seems to have been a pareiasaur, an obscure family of ancient reptiles the most notable member of which was the (completely unshelled) Scutosaurus. Until recently, fossil evidence linking the land-dwelling Eunotosaurus and the giant, marine turtles of the late Cretaceous period was sorely lacking. That all changed in 2008 with two major discoveries: first up was the late Jurassic, western European Eileanchelys, touted by researchers as the earliest marine turtle yet identified. Unfortunately, only a few weeks later, Chinese paleontologists announced the discovery of Odontochelys, which lived a whopping 50 million years earlier. Crucially, this soft-shelled marine turtle possessed a full set of teeth, which subsequent turtles gradually shed over tens of millions of years of evolution. (A new development as of June 2015: researchers have identified a late Triassic proto-turtle, Pappochelys, that was intermediate in form between Eunotosaurus and Odontochelys and thus fills an important gap in the fossil record!) Odontochelys prowled the shallow waters of eastern Asia about 220 million years ago; another important prehistoric turtle, Proganochelys, pops up in the western European fossil record about 10 million years later. This much bigger turtle had fewer teeth than Odontochelys, and the prominent spikes on its neck meant that it couldnt fully retract its head under its shell (it also possessed  an ankylosaur-like clubbed tail). Most important, the carapace of Proganochelys was fully baked: hard, snug and pretty much impervious to hungry predators. The Giant Turtles of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras By the early Jurassic period, about 200 million years ago, prehistoric turtles and tortoises were pretty much locked into their modern body plans, though there was still room for innovation. The most notable turtles of the Cretaceous period were a pair of marine giants, Archelon and Protostega, both measuring about 10 feet long from head to tail and weighing about two tons. As you might expect, these giant turtles were equipped with broad, powerful front flippers, the better to propel their bulk through the water; their closest living relative is the much smaller (less than one ton) Leatherback. You have to fast-forward about 60 million years, to the Pleistocene epoch, to find prehistoric turtles that approached the size of this duo (this doesnt mean that  giant turtles werent around in the intervening years, just that we havent found much evidence). The one-ton, southern Asian Colossochelys (formerly classified as a species of Testudo) can pretty much be described as a plus-sized Galapagos tortoise, while the slightly smaller Meiolania from Australia improved on the basic turtle body plan with a spiked tail and a huge, weirdly armored head. (By the way, Meiolania received its nameGreek for little wandererin reference to the contemporary Megalania, a two-ton monitor lizard.) The turtles mentioned above all belong to the cryptodire family, which accounts for the vast majority of marine and terrestrial species. But no discussion about prehistoric turtles would be complete without a mention of the aptly named Stupendemys, a two-ton pleurodire turtle of Pleistocene South America (what distinguishes pleurodire from cryptodire turtles is that they pull their heads into their shells with a sideways, rather than a front-to-back, motion). Stupendemys was far and away the largest freshwater turtle that ever lived; most modern side-necks weigh about 20 pounds, max! And while were on the subject, lets not forget the comparably ginormous Carbonemys, which may have done battle with the giant prehistoric snake Titanoboa 60 million years ago in the swamps of South America.

Ethos,Logos, and Pathos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethos,Logos, and Pathos - Essay Example When a person or many persons form confidence in the personality or character of a speaking person, it is called logos. This is a formation of a rhetorical triangle between these three concepts of ethos, logos and pathos, as they are interrelated. Due to the emotionalism of the character with relevant reasoning, his/her personality gains confidence from the side of audience on the basis of his/her presentation of a topic with ethos, pathos and logos. There are three kinds of appeals that a person can make while communicating to an audience. They are pathetical appeal, ethical appeal and logical appeal. Pathetical appeal is there when a person makes use of emotions to attract the audience towards his words and the person takes help of his and the audiences emotions for rousing the emotions in audience by his/her pathetical appeal. Ethical appeal is there when a person shares a common belief or what is accepted by all. Ethical appeal is done with the help of the moral authority of the speaker. The speaker of ethical appeal makes the audience to understand him/her because of the common concerns that are there between him/her and the audience. Logical appeal makes use of ethical and pathetic elements as well. A logical appeal is backed by reasoning and a person is able to gain the trust of the audience by means of his/her character. In a rhetorical triangle, the speaker should take help of pathetic, ethical and logical appeal in order to make his oration influential. Ethos, pathos and logos are interlinked to one another. Ethos can be regarded as a speaker as it is linked with speaking with reasoning; pathos can be regarded as the emotions that a person uses while delivering his/her message to a targeted audience and logos can be regarded as the message that is being delivered by ethos by the help of pathos. With logos, a confidence is developed among the public and the speaker. A triangle of speaker, emotions

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Child Development - Essay Example Part 2 comprises of chapters three and four. In these two chapters, the beginning of the child’s life is highlighted. Matters to do with parenting, education of the parents, issues to do with psychology of parenting, importance of preparing siblings for the birth, prenatal care and learning, family dynamics, infants with special needs, care for new born etc are discussed. Part three discuses infancy on a broader perspective; three chapters contained in this part will mark the basis of this paper. Chapters five, six, and seven make up part three of the book. This portion of the book discusses aspects of infancy such as physical development of the infant, the relationship of physical and motor development to cognition, emotional and physical development just to name a few. Other topics contained in part three include infant development, emotional and social development of the infant, theories on emotional and social development, social competence and development, factors influen cing social and emotional development in infants, cognitive, language, and literacy development of the infant, cognitive competence and development, factors that influence cognitive, language, and literacy development etc. Chapters eight, nine and ten make up part four. This section of the book highlights the child from ages one to three. Part 5 consists of chapters eleven, twelve and thirteen and highlights an infant from the ages four through five. The last part of the book consists of chapter fourteen through to sixteen. This section of the book highlights an infant’s development from the ages six through eight. This paper will highlight chapters five six seven and eight. Chapter five of this book focuses on Brain, perceptual, motor, and physical development of the infant. The chapter begins with an extensive discussion of the infant’s brain. The unfinished brain of

Growing Fats Fast Essay Example for Free

Growing Fats Fast Essay Does eating in â€Å"fast food† restaurants or outlets cause obesity? This question has caused controversy, since in the past years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people and families eating away from home. Due to several factors such as rushing for the job, ease of preparation, maybe good taste – more and more people flock to fast food chains. Fast food outlets have been by far the most rapidly expanding sector of the food distribution system, and it has become a worldwide phenomena. Consumers patronize fast food chains and the hamburgers and French fries that they serve have been shown to be positively associated with increase in weight. Studies have likewise shown that when analyzed, the nutritional content of products sold in â€Å"fast food† restaurants are found to be high in energy density, thus promote high energy intake. A person is classified as obese if he or she is 30 percent above the ideal weight based on height. More and more people fall in this category. The alarming thing about obesity is that children who are overweight are also diagnosed to have diabetes, sleep apnea or respiratory diseases. These were known to have afflicted the adults only in the past years. The argument now is that the current obesity of many people which can lead to many dangerous problems   maybe caused by frequenting fast food restaurants. The high caloric content per serving of the foods results to weight gain for regular customers of fast foods. It must be also observed that fast food restaurants and outlets do not inform their consumers of the high calorie and fat content of the foods they serve, which could be hazardous to the customer’s health. Thus, if we find more and more people filing lawsuits against fast food companies, somehow, it’s reasonable. Fast food companies   should take some responsibility for the products or toxic foods they offer to the victims. â€Å"Free Choice in A Free World† On the other hand, the available data or studies that point out that that there is a direct link or relationship between fast food use and obesity are far from conclusive. It is highly possible that the menus and prices at fast food restaurants maybe an answer to an already increasing demand an increasingly obese population rather than being a direct cause of obesity. Since more and more people are now obese which maybe caused by their lifestyle, then they tend to seek more fast food restaurants which serve large portions and cause lesser time to be served. Likewise, it may also be possible that   demographics and lifestyle characteristics may have caused the problem of obesity. I would like to believe that fast food restaurants may not in themselves make a major independent contribution to obesity. It may also be attributed to lifestyles which are conducive to positive energy balance. Other factors such as long work hours, overlapping schedules, increasing material comforts, which cause change in lifestyles, may also be contributory factors. Some claim that fast foods are addictive. As part of marketing strategy, the foods may indeed be very tasty causing many people to eat more of the food – but in the end, these fast foods should not be held responsible for lack of self-control on the part of the customers. If people know that the foods are bad for them, then stop. We all have free choices- and individuals have to take responsibility for that choice, not the company that provides the food.

The Azusa Street revival of 1906 to 1909 Essay -- Religion History

The Azusa Street revival of 1906 to 1909 was an event that popularised the practice of charismatic worship first in the United States and eventually throughout the Christian world. However, representations of the revival in the early years of the 20th century were biased, and distorted the events that occurred. Early believers portrayed the revival as an eschatological narrative in which the power of God came down to earth and revolutionised the church, especially with the gift of tongues. Pentecostal historians later mythologised Azusa Street representing the revival as the birthplace of Pentecostalism. On the other hand, conservatives portrayed the events of the revival as unbiblical and sinful, while secular critics depicted the revival as a phenomenon which was irrational and defied human logic. After the civil war, protestant churches began to ignore the significance of emotional expression in worship. According to historian Thomas Nicole, American churches transformed into ‘dignified, rational, middle class congregations’ which limited emotional expression. In contrast, various fringe groups fought the cold formalism that had developed in American Christianity as they believed that the power of the Holy Spirit would soon move in charismatic power as prophesied in Joel 2:28-32. By 1906, great anticipation had built up in such groups located in Los Angeles as Menzies explains that several congregations held prayer meetings which cried for ‘a Pentecost’ in Los Angeles’. It appears that ministers began to represent Los Angeles as the centre, out of which a charismatic outpouring would inevitably occur. Frank Bartleman for example reported that the people of Los Angeles would soon find themselves ‘in the throes of a mighty... ... after a century ( Kingfield: Sheffield Academic) 1999. Larry Martin, http://www.azusastreet.org/AzusaStreetCartoons.htm, retrieved on 25th may 2009. Lum Clara, Pentecost has come, The Apostolic Faith . 1(1), 1906. Menzies, William, W., Anointed to serve: The Story of The Assemblies of God. (Springfield: Gospel Publishing House). 1971. Nicole Thomas, Pentecostalism, (New York: Harper and Row) 1966. Owens. Robert R, The Azusa street revival ( Lanham: xulan press) 2005. Robeck Cecil M, The Azusa Street Mission and Revival: The Birthplace of the Global Pentecostal Movement. (Nashville: Nelson reference& electronic) 2006. Synan Vinson, The Holiness Pentecostal tradition, Grabd rapids Michigan: Eerdmans, 1971. Turner, William C, Jr, An East Coast celebration of Azusa: theological implications. Journal of Pentecostal Theology 16 (1) 2007, p 32-45

Hock

Hock Studies Set 2 Study #1 Reading 14: Just How are you intelligent? Garder, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Main focus or purpose: Howard Garder introduced to the world this new view of multiple intelligences. â€Å"Just how are you intelligent? † is unrelated to amount of overall intelligence and asks instead about the nature of your particular type of intelligence. Primary Research Methods: Gardner developed a set of either indicators or â€Å"signs† that define intelligence.Any intellectual ability, or set of abilities, must map onto most of these criteria, if it is to be considered a separate, autonomous intelligence. Main Results Reported: Each different type of intelligence varied in results. The following were tested Linguistic intelligence- able to use words that are more skillful. Musical Intelligence- gifted abilities involving sound, especially pitch, timbre and rhythm. Logical-mathematical intelligence- analyzes and computes various relationships among abstract objects, concepts, and ideas.Spatial intelligence- skilled in creating, visualizing, and manipulating mental images. Intrapersonal intelligence- able to understand who you are. Weaknesses or Critique: Some concerns based on learning disabilities—how they would test differently. Some argue that not all intelligence was properly tested by Garder—â€Å"sexual intelligence, digital intelligence† Importance/Value: As human beings its important for us to understand which part of our brain is strongest. It can help one find a well fitting job later on. People want to practice what they are naturally good at—so testing this is important.Study #2 Reading 25- Are you the master of your fate? Rotter, J. B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28 Main focus or purpose: Are the consequences of your behavior under your personal control or are they det ermined by forces outside of yourself? Rotter wanted to study differences among people on this dimension and, rather then simply asking them, e developed a test that measured a person’s locus of control. Primary Research Methods: Rotter designed a scale containing a series of many pairs of statements.Each pair consisted of on statement reflecting an internal locus of control and one reflecting an external locus of control. Those taking the test were told to select the one statement of each pair, which you more strongly believe to be the case. This is a measure of personal belief. Rotter called his test to I-E scale. Main Results Reported: Gambling- individuals identified as internals by the I-E scale tended to prefer betting on sure things. Persuasion- internals were found to be more successful than externals in altering the attitudes of others.Achievement motivation-plans to attend college, amt of time spent on hw—more likely to be found in those students who demonstr ated an internal locus of control. Rotter hypothesized that those with an internal locus of control are more likely then externals to gain information from situations, take the initiative to make change, place greater value on inner skill and achievement goals, and are more able to resisted manipulation by others. Weaknesses or Critique: There are not any right or wrong answers in this study. Everything is just based on one individual, which is time consuming for the ones doing the studies.Importance/Value: After being tested—easier to be placed in a fitting environment. It’s important for us to know control. Study #3 Reading 30; You’re getting defensive again Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: International Universities Press. Main focus or purpose: Sigmund Freuds discovery of ego defense mechanisms occurred gradually over 30 or more years as his experiences in dealing with psychological problems grew. Primary Research Methods: F reud claimed to have discovered the defense mechanisms gradually over many years of clinical interactions with his patients.Main Results Reported: Anna Freud identified 10 defense mechanisms that had been described by her father. Five of the original mechanisms that are commonly used and widely recognized today are discussed repression, regression, projection, reaction, formation, and sublimation. Weaknesses or Critique: researchers question some of Anna freuds theories. Do defense mechanisms really exist? Do they actually function unconsciously? Importance/Value: People now have a much better understanding of mechanisms. Study #4 Reading 31: Learning to be depressed Seigman, M. E. P. , &maier, S. F (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock.Main focus or purpose: Martin Seligman (psychologist), proposed that our perceptions of power and control are learned from experience. Martin believes that a persons efforts at controlling certain life events fail repeatedly, the person may stop attempting to exercise control all together. Primary Research Methods: Subjects for this experiment were 24 â€Å"mongrel dogs†, 15 to 19 inches high at the shoulder and weighing between 25-29 pounds. The dogs were divided into 2 groups of 8. One group was the escape group and the other was the non-escape group. They were individually harnessed and but not completely unable to move.A series of shocks were given to the dogs to see which ones tried to escape. Main Results Reported: In the escape group the time it took for the dogs to press the shock panel quickly decreased over the 64 shocks. In the no escape group, panel pressing completely stopped after 30 tries. Weaknesses or Critique: It’s hard for some to read about animals being used for testing. It’s important for researchers to use them for answers but no abuse should ever take place. Importance/Value: We understand that individuals are more likely to become depressed if they lack control of of situational experience.Study #5 Reading 35: Projections of who you are Rorschach, H. (1942) Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic test based on perception. New York: Grune & Stratton Main focus or purpose: Roschach’s showed that in the course of interpreting random inkblot, attention would be drawn away from the persons so that his or her usual psychological defenses would be weakened. Primary Research Methods: Roschach form of interpretation test is administered simply by handing a person each figure, one at a time and asking, â€Å"What might this be? Participants were free to turn the card in ant direction and hold it as close to or as far from their eyes as they wish. Main Results Reported: He found that subjects generally gave a total of 5 to 30 totally responses to the 10 figures. Depressed individuals gave less answers, those that were happy gave more, and among the mentally ill answers varied. Weaknesses or Critique: Weather or not what Rorschach claimed to measure was accurate. Othe r researches suggest that there are better ways to test this. Importance/Value: Rorschach’s research will help studies that are done on the same concepts.Study #6 It’s Not Just About Salivating Dogs! Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes. London: Oxford University Press. Main Focus or Purpose: In this study, Pavlov wanted to use physiological research involving the use of dogs as subjects to test the role of salvation on digestion. Test how, when, and why an animal would salivate, what could cause it†¦Unconditional reflex or conditioned reflexes? Primary Research Methods To test this, they would introduce various types of food or nonfood substances into a dogs mouth and observe the rate and amount of salvation.Then they would associate a sound or smell that would occur before that dog gets introduced to the food. Then after noticing that the bell leads to food the dog would therefore begin to salivate by just hearing the noise. Main Results Reported Pavlov th eorized that the dogs had learned from experience in the lab to expect food following certain signals. Although these certain signals do not naturally produce salivation, the dogs came to associate them with the food and salivating with the expectancy of the foods arrival. Weaknesses or CritiqueThere were no true weaknesses or critiques to this research and work. Importance/Value: This experiment and intense observation was very important because it is now universally accepted and has remained virtually unchanged since its conception. His theories of classical conditioning explain a major proportion of human behavior and helped launch psychology as a true science. Study #7 Little Emotional Albert Watson, J. B. , & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditoned emotional Responses. Journal of Expiermental Pyschology, 3, 1-14. Main Focus or Purpose:The main purpose of this study was to test if our human behavior is based on that idea that we are motivated by unconscious instincts and repressed conflic ts from early childhood. Primary Research Methods: The methods for this particular study were simple; they took 9 month old Albert from a hospital where he had been raised as an orphan since birth. They then wanted to see if Albert was naturally afraid of certain stimuli, they placed a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog and masks in front of him, and he naturally grabbed for most of the objects since they didn’t produce any fear (neutral stimuli).They then paired a loud frightening noise (unconditioned stimuli) with the presentation of each animal and he then cried every time, even just with the sight of the animal because he associated it with that same fear. Main Results Reported Albert was not originally afraid of the rats prior to the conditioning, but then after the conditioning he instantly feared the rat and even the Santa Clause mask that had a similar white appearance. Weaknesses or Critique: Study like this would not be acceptable now days.It is very questionable to ethical reasoning; to take a child at an early age and purposely frighten it is just not right. Importance/Value: This study succeeded to a large extent in convincing many in the psychological community that the emotional behavior could be conditioned through simple stimulus response techniques. Also proved that human behavior is based on that idea that we are motivated by unconscious instincts and repressed conflicts from early childhood. Study #8 Knock Wood! Skinner, B. F. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Expiermental Psychology, 38, 168-172Main Focus or Purpose: Skinnier wanted to test if the reason people do superstitious acts (like knocking on wood for example), do this because they believe or presume a connection exists between the superstitious behavior in a certain setting and a reinforcing consequence exists. Primary Research Methods: The researchers used a empty cage or box that only had an empty dish or tray in which food is dispensed. This allows the res earchers to have control over when the animal receives reinforcement, such as pellets of food. The early conditioning had a lever, which if pushed, would cause food to be dispensed.They then put pigeons into experimental cage for a few minutes each day, and then food reinforcement was delivered automatically every 15 seconds. Main Results Reported: In 6 out of 8 cases the resulting response were so clearly defined that two observers could agree perfectly in counting instances. Eventually, the pigeons behaved as if a certain behavior would produce the food, they became superstitious. Weaknesses or Critique: On the specific issue of superstitions, however, there appears to be less controversy and a rather wide acceptance of the learning process involved in their formation.Importance/Value: This was important because none of these behaviors had been observed in the birds prior to the condition procedure. Study #9 See Aggression†¦ Do Aggression! Bandura, A. , Ross, D. , & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582. Main Focus or Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine how children may learn to be aggressive. If they learn by observation and imitation or any other influential factors. Primary Research Methods:The researchers exposed children to adult models who behave either aggressively or non-aggressively. The children would then be tested in a new situation without the model present to determine to what extent they would imitate the acts of aggression they had observed in the adult. Main Results Reported: The children who were exposed to the violent models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors they observed. Weaknesses or Critique: The results were so inconsistent in relation to the aggression-inhibiting effect of nonaggressive models that they were inconclusive. Importance/Value:This research formed the foundation for hundreds of studies o ver the past 45 years on the effects on children of viewing violence in person or in the media. Study #10 Just How Are You Intelligent? Gardner, H. (1938) Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New Yorkk: Basic Books. Main Focus or Purpose: In this study, Garden wanted to test if there were multiple different types of intelligences rather than just one general intelligence that can be tested by an IQ test. He also wanted to further extend the theory of brain specialization, to see if different parts of the brain are responsible for different intelligences.Primary Research Methods: Gardner developed a set of eight indicators or â€Å"signs† that define an intelligence. Any intellectual ability, or set of abilities, will then be mapped onto these criterias. He separated the intelligences into 9 main ones: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential and then performed test to det ermine what category or categories one might fall under. Main Results Reported: This study showed and proved that people are intelligent in many more ways than just â€Å"book smart†.It gave us proof that a student can still be very bright even if that student is struggling in math or English. Weaknesses or Critique: Many question, what about the children or adults with learning disabilities? But after these tests, Gardner then changed that into learning differences. Importance/Value: Hundreds of scientific articles and books now rest on Gardner’s theory. His theory has remained unchanged and survived for over two decades now and shows no sign of fading. He changed forever how the world looks at learning, teaching and intelligence.

Moral Theories in Health Care

Desai pinky HSC601:-Healthcare Policy and Medical Ethics Date: – 10/06/2009 Question 2: What moral theories are the most important in the healthcare reform debate? The four moral theories which have been refereed in the book satisfy one or the other aspect of the ethical analysis and also keep the foundation for further analysis. However no theory satisfies all the relevant criteria. All the four theories have pointed out their ways and means to reach a decision which is correct and ethically considered. All the theories have reached some of the goals in the common like autonomy, privacy, beneficence yet with different perspectives. The utilitarian mainly focuses on the value of the well being, which is analyzed in the terms of the pleasures, happiness welfare, preference satisfaction whereas the Kantianism believes that the morality is grounded in reason, duty rather than the sympathy, emotions. This indicates that the person have to act not only in an accordance with but for the sake of the obligation. Utilitarianism is divided into two: – the rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. The rule utilitarian considers the consequences of adopting certain rules whereas the act utilitarian disregards the level of the rules and sticks only to the principle of the utility. Thus the advantage of the rule utilitarianism is that it considers the parameters like justice, beneficence and laws and legal rights which lacks in the act utilitarianism. Kantianism mainly rotates around the following objectives. According to Kant â€Å"maxim† is the moral worth of an individual’s action that depends exclusively on the moral acceptability if the rule on which the person acts. Since the maxim applies to every individual that performs the similar act in the similar condition it has been declared as an universal law. The second objective of the Kantianism is the â€Å"categorical imperative†, which stresses the importance of the what must be done irrespective of our desires and the final objective of the Kant theory is the autonomy which typically refers to the judgments and actions one can take with their own will. However the importance of the autonomy is that if and only if the individual knowingly act in accordance with the universally valid moral principles that pass the requirements of the categorical imperative. In the utilitarian theory the major flaw is immoral preference and actions. Even if the individual performs the act to produce the overall utility for everyone but if accidental the greatest possible utility is not achieved then the action will be wrong and it will be considered against the act. According to this theory the individual should perform the act in such way that it provides benefit to the most of the people regardless of their feelings and preference of their opinion. This has led a question that an individual should have to consider every action and their consequence before implementing this theory. Additionally one has to take into account the proposed alternatives before performing the action as any unexpected results would prove utilitarian theory wrong and unethical as it was not able to provide the benefit to the society. Another major flaw with this theory is that difficulty in defining the line between morally obligatory actions and supererogatory action. The heroic donation of the bodily parts such as an kidney to save another person life is unethical. Whereas with Kantianism the main flaw is the duty is given prime importance neglecting virtue, emotion. But these motives do count morally. Another major flaw is the conflicting obligation. It generally arises from a single moral rule rather than from two different rules, since it fails to take into account the consequence of the one situation, it becomes even more difficult when a conflicting condition arises at the same time. Both the theory attempts to explain the moral principles but have different viewpoints to guide the individual towards ethical analysis. The utilitarian’s considers the act to be morally valid if the results produced provide maximal values in terms of happiness or pleasure. It holds that actions are right or wrong according to the balance of their good and bad consequence. If the actions have more good consequences then it is morally appropriate and if the actions have more bad consequences then it morally inappropriate. Since this is based on the individual context, this theory cannot be universally accepted and merely depends on the situational analysis. As the utilitarian lacks the universal set of rules which defines morality, hence one has to analyze the situation individually. In outweighing the benefits of the good or bad consequences to attain the maximum utility and also considering the alternative consequences makes this theory bit complex, tedious and time consuming. Whereas Kantianism is based on the autonomous and maxim. One has to perform the duty at his will without considering the whether the consequences are favorable as he is imbibed to perform the duty which is otally contradictory to the utilitarian theory. From the analysis it seems that it is more logical theory and has a set of universal rules which has been widely used in the health care reforms and in the healthcare industry. From the above analysis , Kantianism theory seems to be more appealing to me but when the healthcare reforms are involved I feel every theory has their positives and negatives and should be included in the healthcare reform debates as ever y pieces of theory has a lot to provide to the health care reforms.

The Battle of Waterloo essays

The Battle of Waterloo essays The Battle of Waterloo was the final and decisive action of the Napoleonic Wars that effectively ended the French domination of the European continent and brought about drastic changes in the political boundaries and power of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1814, near Waterloo, in what is now Belgium, the battle ranks as a great turning point in modern history. There are many reasons as to why Napoleon lost this battle. Most importantly it was due to his generals. Napoleon himself abandoned his troops and his throne after his defeat. The main problem as to why Napoleon lost the Battle of Waterloo is because he selected an ill-equipped group of generals to lead his army. He didnt have much control over this though. Berthier was dead; Mortier was ill; Andre Massena showed no interest in joining this conflict, and Baron Jomini was with the Allies. If this was not enough he placed the generals he had in places not suited for them. He put Soult as chief of staff, Ney on his left wing, and Grouchy on his right. A disastrous mistake was putting Ney in charge of the attack on Wellington. Napoleon seemed sluggish and waterloo and this was due to his illness. He failed to follow up on opportunities here and this was fatal due to his steady adversaries, Wellington and Blucher. Fault can be put to Napoleon too. He delayed in attacking Blucher at Ligny, failed to use Lobau in crushing him, neglected to pursue hi after he was beaten, been to attack Wellington on June 18, and failed to assign Ney the Imperial Guard as reinfor cements when they could have made a major difference. Soult had been a disaster as chief of staff, neglecting to coordinate the border crossing and, along with Napoleon, failed to send out orders to subordinates promptly and coherently. As well, Vandamme delayed at Gilly, Drouet wasted a day marching between Quatre Bras and Ligny, while Grouchys tortoise like pursuit of the Prussians was a ke ...

U of M Dearborn Admissions and Acceptance Rate

U of M Dearborn Admissions and Acceptance Rate Are you interested in attending the University of Michigan-Dearborn? It is a moderately accessible school with an acceptance rate of 65 percent of applicants. Learn more about admissions requirements. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. University of Michigan-Dearborn Description The University of Michigan at Dearborn is a highly-ranked regional public university located in Dearborn, Michigan, just west of Detroit. It is one of the 15 public universities in Michigan, and 95 percent of students come from Michigan. UMD was founded in 1959 by a 196-acre gift from the Ford Motor Company, and the campus features a 70-acre natural area and the Henry Ford Estate. The University of Michigan at Dearborn has a 17 to 1 student/faculty ratio, and classes average between 15 and 25 students. The college takes advantage of the business and industrial centers in the area, and professional programs in business and engineering are some of the strongest and most popular among undergraduates. UMD is largely a commuter campus and has no housing facilities. Admissions Data (2016) University of Michigan-Dearborn Acceptance Rate: 65Â  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for UM-Dearborn AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Math: 520 / 670SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanCompare top Michigan colleges SAT scoresMichigan public university SAT score comparisonACT Composite: 22Â  / 27ACT English: 22Â  / 28ACT Math: 21 / 27What these ACT numbers meanCompare top Michigan colleges ACT scoresMichigan public university ACT score comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 9,131Â  (7,141 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 52 percent Male / 48 percent Female70 percent Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $12,032 (in-state); $24,272 (out-of-state)Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,064Other Expenses: $3,364Total Cost: $24,760 (in-state); $37,000 (out-of-state) University of Michigan-Dearborn Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 92Â  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 79Â  percentLoans: 65Â  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $7,523Loans: $5,459 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Finance, Marketing, Mechanical Engineering, PsychologyWhat major is right for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 74Â  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 17Â  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 54Â  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports: Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, Soccer, Basketball, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports: Basketball, Softball, Track and Field, Cross Country, Volleyball If You Like the University of Michigan Dearborn, You May Also Like These Schools: Michigan State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOakland University: ProfileWayne State University: ProfileHarvard University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFerris State University: ProfileNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOhio State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDuke University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Michigan Dearborn Mission Statement: read the complete mission statement at http://umdearborn.edu/about/mission-vision University of Michigan-Dearborn is an inclusive, student-focused institution. We are committed to excellence in teaching, learning, research and scholarship, as well as access, affordability and metropolitan impact. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Escherichia Coli bacterium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Escherichia Coli bacterium - Research Paper Example This bacterium is not completely aerobic that is it can survive in the presence of oxygen and it also has the capability to exist in the absence of oxygen by the process of fermentation. E. coli also has the property of movement though there are certain forms of the bacteria that form exceptions and do not move. The mobility is provided to it by flagellum, which is referred to as peritrichous flagella that is present on all sides of the bacteria. The bacterium does not have the property of forming spores. The bacterium has three antigens present. The antigen which is present on the cell wall of the bacteria is the â€Å"O† antigen, the antigen which is present on the flagellum is the â€Å"H† antigen and the antigen which is found on the capsule of the bacteria is the â€Å"K† antigen. These antigens have great variability with each of them existing in many different forms. This is the reason that E. coli exists in many different forms (Charles Davis; This bacter ia has been associated with many pathological conditions which include the inflammation of the gall bladder, inflammation of the biliary tract, infections of the urinary tract and the blood as well as diarrhea particularly traveler’s diarrhea.... E. coli is also listed as an infection which occurs in the hospital settings and has been associated with an average of 31 percent hospital acquired infections in the United States as well as a cause of diarrhea in 4 percent of the people. The meningeal inflammation that results due to E. coli should not be overlooked because it accounts for 8 percent of the deaths due to this condition and it can also result in pathological conditions of the nervous system (Science Daily; WHO 2005). Pathogenesis: The diarrhea that occurs due to the E. coli is caused by four classes of this bacterium which function in different ways. The first one is the Enteropathogenic E. coli that affect usually infants below the age of two years and hence occurrences are mostly reported from maternity homes. This group of E.coli has the capability of binding to the cells of the intestine and destructs its microvillus which leads to diarrhea. The spread occurs through the consumption of water or via the food that infants consume. (Charles Davis; WHO 2005). The next group of E. coli is Enterocytotoxigenic E. coli. This group is the major cause for traveler’s diarrhea in all age groups. It produces exotoxins which are known as heat labile and heat stable exotoxins. They have an effect on adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively. These enzymes lead to a cascade of reactions which cause retention of fluid and electrolytes with the passage of the intestine. This is turn results in diarrhea. The cause for this infection is also via the dietary intake. The world health organization has reported that this group of E. coli accounts for a mortality rate which is very